Ranking and Social Inequality

Ranking is a characteristic of complex societies in which different persons within a society have different quantities or qualities of power, rights and responsibilities. As societies grow in complexity, different tasks are assigned to specific people, called craft specialization. Sometimes specialization leads to status changes. The study of ranking and social inequality in archaeology is based on the anthropological and economic studies of Elman Service (Primitive Social Organization, 1962) and Morton Fried (Evolution of Political Societies, 1967). Service and Fried argued that there are two ways in which ranking of people in a society is arrived at: achieved and ascribed status. Achieved status results from being a warrior, artisan, shaman, or other useful profession or talent. and ascribed status (inherited from a parent or other relative). Ascribed status is based on kinship, which as a form of social organization ties the status of an individual within a group to descent, such as dynastic kings or hereditary rulers. Ranking and Archaeology In egalitarian societies, goods and services are spread relatively evenly among the population. High-ranking individuals in a community can be identified archaeologically by studying human burials, where differences in grave contents, the health of an individual or his or her diet can be examined. Ranking can also be established by the difference sizes of houses, the locations within a community, or the distribution of luxury or status items within a community. Sources for Ranking This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide to the Characteristics of Ancient Civilizations, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. A fairly brief bibliography of ranking and social stratification has been collected for this entry.

The Amendment Rights Must Be The Most Controversial...

Second Amendment rights must be the most controversial section of the Constitution, it most definitely has to be the most challenged. Lawsuits have been brought up against the Second Amendment for many years, challenging whether or not it should still be a part of the Constitution, and the meaning behind the verbiage used. The anti-gun crowd has attempted multiple times to prove the Second Amendment should apply only to a militia and that the average citizen has no right to own a firearm. The National Rifle Association (NRA) is the largest lobbyist group for pro-gun rights and one of the most powerful interest groups in politics today. They have successfully supported the defense of the peoples’ right to own firearms for many years. After many years of failing to accomplish their agenda, the anti-gun crowd has a new tactic: instead of facing the multimillion members of the NRA (Statistic Brain Research Institute, 2014) they are now going after the gun manufacturers and deale rs. They cannot stop the sale of guns therefore they want to eliminate the source. This paper will identify the historical foundation of the Second Amendment, describe the National Rifle Association’s involvement, and site the legal precedence and challenges. History of the Second Amendment. In the beginning our forefathers knew that without arms there could be no long lasting liberty or freedom. â€Å"The English republican views on the relationship between arms and democracy profoundly influenced theShow MoreRelatedThe United States Constitution And Its Fundamental Laws1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States Constitution is unarguably the most imperative document regarding the United States and its citizens. The Constitution establishes America’s government and its fundamental laws we live by today. It fulfills and guarantees our basic rights as United States citizens. Within the constitution, the laws are split up into amendments which clarify and secure our privileges. 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Overpopulation the enviroment Essay Example For Students

Overpopulation the enviroment Essay OVERPOPULATION THE ENVIROMENT I believe that the actual number of humans that live on this earth is the problem rather than how we live on the earth. We should develop new processes of growing, disposing, etc, to overcome our viral tendencies. Overpopulation is becoming one of the most preeminent problems facing human civilization. This complicated, pervasive issue is a problem of the utmost importance for people of all races, religions, and nationalities. Our planet now provides for approximately 5. 8 billion people, with projections of around 10 billion by the year 2050. Two billion of these are extremely poor, the poorest of which live in absolute poverty and misery. global environment. Increasing amounts of food, energy, water, and shelter are required to fulfill the needs of human society. Much of our energy is derived from the burning of fossil fuels releasing millions of tons of toxins into the atmosphere. The amount of land required for food production will grow increasingly larger, while the amount of available land will grow increasingly smaller. The affects of overpopulation on human society are numerous. Suffering from a lack of resources, people are often driven to war when they become too populated for their available resources. Ethnic and racial differences will grow increasingly frequent and irresolvable. Increasing numbers in urban areas will lower quality of life in cities around the world. The complications of this complex issue are unlimited. Factors such as poverty, food distribution, and government corruption are all important aspects. No one will be unaffected by the repercussions of an overpopulated world, unless we stop the destruction and corruption now. With our endless need of new information, we should be able to develop unique process to end these problems. I strongly believe that the actual number of humans populating the earth is the problem rather than how humans live on this earth. Bibliography Carlis, Barry (unknown). The Black Death. Bubonic plague. November 28, 2001. www.byu.edu/ipt/project/middleages/lifetimes/plague.html Green, H. Sarah; Finen, D. Enzo (January 4, 1982). The great pestilence. Winhboro, Illinois. Random House, Inc. Soto, Patricia (October 28, 1994). Plague and public health in renaissance Europe. November 26,2001. www.iath.virgina.edu/osheim/plaguein.html Snell, Melissa (July 18, 1998). Medieval History. December 3, 2001. http://historymedren.miningco.com/library/weekly/aa032698.htm .

Aluminum Alloy And Selective Laser Melting -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Aluminum Alloy And Selective Laser Melting? Answer: Introduction Over the years previous, the 3d that is also known as the fabrication of the substance has led to the increase of the interest that will complicate it in the industry and the scholarly. more had been done on the AM innovation with the result distribution that includes the ISO and the ASTM guideline survey papers, books unique AM diaries and report guides.in contradiction to the normal assembling approaches, am gives the geometry without misuse of the materials and increasing the cost.in most metals, the system of the AM that is the specific laser liquefying has been the commonly used mostly and this can link to the general application ranges that is from 3D to mechanical design with the low volume me. in the selective laser melting a tiny portion of the metal powder is then dispersed at first, and the melting will be specifically done laser shaft within the environment. Similarly, in the examination of one layer, that stage has to be stopped by that one layer thickness and the powder is to be spread on the upper part of the metals(Gu, 2012). Literature review In most of the work had indicated that the aluminium alloy processing by the selective laser melting has been so cumbersome, by this the production of understandable components is done under high laser power of about 130w to 150w and with laser scanning speed that is slow. Most of the selective laser melting machine has higher power but that of the laser power is greater than it thus a significant factor.by combining the higher power and the reduction of the speed leads to melting thus forming a pool of the melted products that become very difficult to control. This will eventually lead to the balling of the melt and the power distribution system might be damaged. With the increase in power and reduction of the scanning speed, there will be the increase in the built time and cost of manufacturing(LEVY, 2009). Additive manufacturing This is a process by which the metal layers are joined together to form a CAD model through the building of objects, this done by combining several layers together. This process is also known as the standard tessellation language, where the shapes of the materials and the size of the components are defined. The data files are slice into the single layers by the software thus the additive manufacturing receives it as the instructions. The technology of the additive manufacturing uses the material in powder form. When the components have been manufactured, several activities have to take place e.g. it has to be polished, filled, cured, or painted with regards to the materials used(Kumar, 2006). Advantages of the additive manufacturing It is important as it uses small extraneous components to produce portions of the object thus an efficient process which reduces the waste during the manufacturing. By using less material during production this method reduces the steps of production thus reducing the amount of the energy consumed(Kumar, 2006). This method of production involves less waste thus the materials being used is not wasted during the manufacturing process thus an environmentally friendly process. This technique allows the producers to create a prototype. This will eventually save time, in times of production and development thus reducing the requirements during production leading to the use of few tools. With the reduction of the instructors, moulding and the required tools there will be the reduction in the cost of the manufacturing. The additive manufacturing technique allows for the innovation of the designs. The modifications of the design can be done anytime without extra cost. This technique can help in the reduction of the design complexity. The manufacturing using this traditional method can also be simply modified by this method(Murr, 2011). Application of the additive manufacturing The automotive industries require the development of new products. Since the development of the new products are very costly the industry has resorted to the use of the additive manufacturing technique in the designing and to develop automotive materials, the structure and the functioning parts of the components like the gearbox, drive shaft, drive shaft of the vehicle, and wheels(Kumar, 2006). Biomedical applications The additive manufacturing is a process that saves the life in the medical industry. The expansion of the applications of the additive manufacturing technology in the industry brought about by the development of the biologic science, biomaterials, and biomedicine has improved the use of this technology in the industry. The area of applications is, in the dental application, painted organs and in the bioprinting. Electronics industry Since the electronic products are reduced in terms of size and needs a high precision tool for the production, the industry uses this technology for the manufacturing of such products.it is also applied in the manufacturing of the embedded electronics, as it exists in the embedded frequency identification and object made of metals(Qian, 2015). Selective laser melting -materials, process parameters This is additive manufacturing new technology that comes up in the 1981 and has been consistently developed through different research.it began by 3D CAD file data being sliced into layers that lead to the formation of an image of layers of 2D in every layer. The files of the sliced data intern passed to the software package. The parameters, values and the report are then designed by the software. AM machine then is allowed to build the file in SLM. In the selective laser melting a tiny portion of the metal powder is then dispersed at first, and the melting will be specifically done laser shaft within the environment(Gu, 2012). Similarly, in the examination of one layer, that stage has to be stopped by that one layer thickness and the powder is to be spread on the upper part of the metals. The soft covering and the combination of the layers in the process are made together to form tough 3-D section. Process Parameters in SLM The parameter that influences the proper being of the selective laser melting is numerous.one can, therefore, understand this parameter by doing a correct analysis of these parameters, hence obtain the appropriate mechanisms in the designing process. The selective laser melting is required a larger number of parameter that affects the productivity of the last product. Some of the parameters the influences the process are, laser beam, the speed of scanning, the spacing of the hatch, properties of the powder, the thickness of the layer and chamber temperature. Scanning pattern: this is an important parameter to the process. This where the hatches are arranged in a proper way among the layers. The patterns can be moved in different ways depending the originality of the designer. The patterns are repeated in every layer regardless of the scanning. Laser power, scanning speed and density of the speed: the determination of other parameters of the process is based on the selection of the laser powder which is related to the size of the focus of the laser spot. The optimization of the energy density depends on the fine parameter turning, quality and the properties of the parameter that are involved in the process. The density of the energy is the ratio of the average energy applied to the volume of the material. This will eventually influence the last part of the process(Chen, 2011). Where P=Laser power (W), V=scan speed (mm/s). Size, the shape of the powder and distribution of particles: the distribution of the particles, shape and size of the powder plays an important part of the process. The distribution of the size particles refers to the amount of particle according to their ranges of the size. This is important as it gives the ratio of the bigger particles to that of the smaller particles, hence determines the rate of flow of the particles.in the selective laser technique, the layer thickness is to be smaller and the size of the grain should not be larger than the thickness of the layer. This can also influence the flow of the particle hence affect the SLM process. Temperature: in the building chamber, the temperature inside can consequently affect the process of selective laser melting. This must be accurately managed to obtain the desired outcome. The selection of this temperature will depend on the materials used in the processing. For the best outcome, the temperature should be high and distributed uniformly. Atmosphere: with the higher temperature and being of the oxygen in processing chamber may lead to oxidation.to correct this the environment should be protected to avoid decarburization hence reducing the toughness of the components. This will influence the mechanical property e.g. Ductility. With the presence of oxygen in the chamber, there will be the influence of the final product of the processing. But with the lowering of the temperature, there with be the rise in carbon ii oxide formation which is attached to the metals that are solidifying hence creating the bubbles of the gas. Some recommended gases can be used to limit the amount of oxygen gas in the chamber e.g. argon, helium and nitrogen(Murr, 2011). Porosity characterization This is one of the most important parameters that influence the reliability and the execution of the metals part during the processing. Several methods have been used to determine the measurement of the portion in terms of its volume and the dispersion of the porosity inside the fabricated substance ALSi10Mg.an example is water relocation technique, 2D SEM, and 3DXbeam microtomography. Results and discussion At high amplification, the accelerated inter metallic stages are on the are on the powder surface.in the examination of the EDS spot between the metals give a breakdown Mg mass to about 12% that remains close but somehow less than 16% of AL18Fe7Si10 phase. The reason for Mg focus that is lower in the small analysis is that the measurement of the metals compared with electron collaboration volume. The general building of the examination can be added due to the moderate decrease in the Mg focus. This will, in turn, reduce the focus to a particular degree. The powder particles comprise certain pores. With this, there can be an influence on the part of the final product. The spreading conduct of the powder can also be influenced by the satellites. The estimation of the molecules that were found divided by the dendrite arm from a normal pattern. The dendrite arm that is optional dividing changed from (0.4 to 4) for the measurements of the molecules was from (4 to 140). Conclusion: The dissolution of the size of the pool and the rate of the cooling can be effectively seen in the Rosenthal condition. The microstructure of the selective laser melting and the powder gas that is atomized used by the selective laser melting is in conjunction with the connection between the rate of cooling and the hardening size of the microstructure in light conventional aluminium silicon compounds. AL2O3 contains oxides that are staying separated imperfection in relation to the pores is built by the selective laser melting(Kumar, 2006). Even though some melt pool is not predictable we can simply conclude that the width of the melt pool, its depth and the height might increase with laser power, but with speed of the scanning it decreases and for the density of the energy it increases. The hardness of the component is seen as the result of the laser energy density. The surface roughness also has the significant role in the melt pool as uneven surface lead to the larger amount of the balling effects. Also, lower powder and a fast scan can also lead very low energy. A lot of Small individuals balls are formed at high energy as at this point long lifetime of the excessive pool with low velocity is seen. Due to the fluctuations in the speed of the scanning the melt pool of the powder case is bigger and rounded at the beginning and at the final stage while at the end there is no melt pool formation and the melt pool of no powder case is narrow and rounded at the start(LEVY, 2009). References. Dink, W., 2012. laser additive manufacturing of metallic components. WASHINGTON: internal material. Gibson, B., 2014. Additive Manufacturing. Brisbane: Springer. LEVY, K., 2003. effects of laser scan speed on porosity and dimensional change of the selective laser melting components. NEW YORK: Annals-manufacturing technology. Ian, D., 2006. Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing. New York: Sydney: Springer. Kelly, R., 2011. How the Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the economy and the world. Melbourne: St. Martin's Press. LEE, L., 2011. microstructure and mechanical behaviour. London: CRC Press. Corda, S., 2017. LASERS. 2nd ed. Carlisle: John Wiley Sons, Corke, C., 2008. laser technology. 4th ed. New York: Prentice-Hall, Corolla, D., 2015. Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering. 4th ed. Westminster: John Wiley Sons. Murali, L., 2015. selective laser. 3rd ed. New York: University of Waterloo. Filippone, A., 2007. aluminium. 5th ed. New York: Elsevier, Johnson, J., 2012. additive manufacturing aluminium. 4th ed. New York: Cengage Learning, Parr, A., 2011. Hydraulics and Pneumatics: A Technician's and Engineer's Guide. 4th ed. Carlisle: Elsevier, Pascoe, D., 2013. additive manufacturing. 2nd ed. Chicago: Reaktion Books. Russell, J., 2010. Performance and Stability of laser scan speed. 2nd ed. Carlisle: Butterworth-Heinemann. Schmidt, L., 2008. Introduction to laser effects. 1st ed. Chicago: AIAA. Tischler, B., 2009. Advances In Aluminium technology. 3rd ed. Chicago: CRC Press. Qian, M., 2015. The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral power is transforming energy. Brisbane: Elsevier Science.

12 Years Of Slave Analysis free essay sample

Based on an incredible true story of one mans fight for survival and freedom. In the pre-Civil War United States, Solomon Northup (Chiwetel Ejiofor), a free black man from upstate New York, is abducted and sold into slavery. Facing cruelty (personified by a malevolent slave owner, portrayed by Michael Fassbender), as well as unexpected kindnesses, Solomon struggles not only to stay alive, but to retain his dignity. In the twelfth year of his unforgettable odyssey, Solomons chance meeting with a Canadian abolitionist (Brad Pitt) will forever alter his life. Written by Fox Searchlight †¢1841. Black man Solomon Northup lives as a free man in Saratoga, New York with his wife and two children, he earning a living as a violinist. On what he believes will be an out of town music gig, he is instead drugged and sold into slavery in the deep south under the name Platt as that is for who the slave trader has papers. We will write a custom essay sample on 12 Years Of Slave Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Initially incredulous to his plight, he decides that cooperation is the best way to survive. He sees few others in the same situation as him, but slowly he is separated from those with who he has built support. This process continues over his life as a slave, as he is at the mercy of whoever his master at the time and his masters associates who work on their own priorities. He finds that cooperation generally gets one nowhere and sometimes can get one into further trouble due to jealousy. At times, he cannot take the emotional abuse, his actions which lead to physical abuse. There are also times where he thinks he can trust someone to get himself out of his plight only to be turned upon instead. But as bad as his situation is, he finds that others are in much more dire straits, they who will do anything to get themselves out of a life they feel is not worth living. In 1841, the Afro-American violinist Solomon Northup is a free man, living with his wife and children in Saratoga Springs, New York. He is hired by two men for a two-week tour in Washington with their theatrical company. However Solomon is kidnapped and sold as a slave in New Orleans with the nickname Platt. Along twelve years, he works in the plantations and has abusive treatment of his masters, until the day he meets the Canadian abolitionist Bass that promises to send a letter to his family.

Coach Haskins Think Alike Essays - Don Haskins, Glory Road, Haskins

Coach Haskin's Think Alike Essays - Don Haskins, Glory Road, Haskins Daniel Kang Ms. Menard Honors English 8 20 April 2014 Coach Haskin's Think Alike Everyone expresses a unique and different personality. But some people's personalities prove very parallel. In the movie "Glory Road", a basketball coach named Don Haskins shows his personality in the way he leads and orders his African American basketball players. He views the world like Martin Luther King Jr. who emphasized non-violence, non-cooperation, and getting attention in a major way. Don Haskins, a great coach of a basketball team, shows that he contemplates like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the aspect of making a point and getting attention. "We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism" (King 298). Don Haskins' main focus, not to bring about integration, but, as it turns out, he saw speed and skill from Negro boys that the major basketball leagues didn't want because of their skin color. He used them on his own team, sending them to the Finals. "Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and establish such creative tension that a community that has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks to so dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored" (King 236). Before Don Haskins recruited Negro basketball players for his team, they never appeared on any other basketball tea m. The black's skills at their game astounded many people. The Miners worked hard to "Send em a message" (Glory Road). Many basketball teams recruited a black player for their team after that amazing win by the Miners. "So the purpose of the direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation" (King 236). The Miners, led by their coach, Don Haskins, fight for their freedom and win. This great movie about the Miner's fight for integrating of US basketball, supports Martin Luther's way of discerning things. This event fits into a time period when all black people such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. had to fight for their freedom and rights. Some people argue that Don Haskins views things more like Malcolm X in thinking. They believe that he lets violence take control of his black players. Or some say Don Haskins behaves more like Maya Angelou in viewing things; just accept everything with no reaction. "Shame made me want to hide my face. Mrs. Flowers deserved better than to be called Sister" (Angelou 355). Even though, ashamed of her mother, Margaret performs no action. Don Haskins wants his black players to "Shut them up. Win" (Glory Road). "But I think the black man in this country, above and beyond people all over the world, will be more justified when he stands up and starts to protect himself, no matter how many necks he has to break and heads he has to crack" (Malcolm X 344). Don Haskins promotes no violence in his players. Even when Nevil Shed, one of the black basketball players gets beat up at a restaurant in the south, Coach Haskins tells them to get into the car instead of going after the guys who beat up She d. "But I don't think that we should run around trying to love somebody who doesn't love us" (Malcolm X 352). This excerpt from Malcolm's article proves similar to Don Haskin's view but Don proves that he wants his players to hold in the hate until the time showed itself where they could show the Americans that they excel at basketball. They let all their hate out in the NCAA Championship against Kentucky. Don Haskins also remarks, "Right now it's not about talent, it's about heart. It's about who can go out there and play the hardest. Who can go out there and play the smartest." (Glory Road). He wants them to prove to the crowd that they play as decent as the white teams. These examples fortify my opinion that Don Haskins proves nothing like Malcolm X or Maya Angelou, no matter what other people think. Don Haskin and Martin Luther King Jr.'s

Issues Related to GMOs Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issues Related to GMOs Consumption - Essay Example The information regarding the safety of use of GM food is present in abundance. There are various publications, blog posts, journals articles and reports that shed a light on the subject. Naturally, the opinions are split in half with supporters and opponents of genetic engineering presenting their arguments and claiming their superiority. Presented below are the references for both sides of the debate. Pro-GMO sources. The Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? by Debora Whitman is the general and detailed overview of the current state of affairs regarding genetic engineering of foods and general reaction to it. The author presumes that genetically modified crops may represent the most robust solutions to the current food crisis. Yet, it will pose numerous challenges both scientific and ethical when developing a proper systematic approach to GMO in food. The main benefits and goals of genetic modification of crops are mentioned as well allowing the reader to develop a bette r understanding of a broader scope of the event. Whitman concludes that genetically modified foods do represent a solution to many problems and that their safety should be evaluated in each case and not by the merits of general assumptions.   The report The Safety of Genetically Modified Foods Produced through Biotechnology delivered by the Society of Toxicology and published in the Toxicological Science journal gradually explains academic standards and procedures used to examine genetically modified foods.